ubuntu tips and tricks

######## INTRODUCTIION ###########

UCP - ubuntu Certified Profesional
www.ubuntu.com/training/certificationcources/professional/curriculum

Ubuntu Community
- History of Ubuntu Releases
- Help Resources
- Bug Reports
- How ubuntu organizes repositories

Perform an Installation
- Install Hardy Heron (8.04)
- Learn to configure hardware
- work with Diskless Clients
- Linux Terminal Server Project

Routine Administration
- Updates and Repository Management
- Printer configuration
- Locals
- Filesystem Security

Networking and Network Services
- Configure a NIS/LDAP/Samba Client
- configure Network Interfaces
- Set up Network Profiles
- Create Shared Network Directories

Configure GNOME
- Basic GNOME Configuration
- The GNOME Display Manager
- GNOME Screen Features and Fonts
- The Evolution Personal Information Manager

Less Hardware Requirements for Ubuntu JeOS

############# Ubuntu Community ###############

# Ubuntu Releases and Derivatives
Three GUI-specific builds
- Ubuntu Linux - GNOME Desktop Environment
- kubuntu Linux - KDE Desktop Environment
- Xubuntu Linux - Xfce Desktop Environment
- Ubuntu Server - custom server Kernel
- Ubuntu JeOS - for Virtual Machines
JeOS = "Just enough Operating System"
- Gobuntu Linux - Limited to Open Source
- Ubuntu Studio - For Multimedia apps
- ImpiLinux - A South African Variant

# Ubuntu Release Details
- By canonical, Ubuntu Corporate Sponsor
- six month Cycle
- code Name, Version Number
- Hardy Heron, 8.04
- Released in 2008, in the 4th month

Canonical supports 3 yrs on Desktop and 5 yrs on Server
Ubuntu Releases and code Name
- Hardy Heron, 8.04 (LTS)

Find the Current Ubuntu Release
- Documented in
/etc/lsb-release
- command
lsb_release -a

# The Ubuntu Support Infrastructure

# Canonical Official Support
- Available for a fee
- Desktop and Server subscriptions
- Similar to Red Hat subscriptions
 - No "rebuilds" of Ubuntu Linux Needed

# The Structure of Ubuntu Repositories
- Available for all Ubuntu Releases
- Makes KDE possible on Ubuntu Linux
- Ubuntu based on Debian Linux
- Based on Debian Unstable Repository

Standard Ubuntu Repository
- Main - standard packages
- Released under an open source licence
- Restricted - Standard packages
- Not available under open source licences
- Necessary for a release that "just works"
- Often Used for video and wireless cards

- Additional Repository
- Universe repository
- Available under an open source license
- Multiverse repository
- Packages where the source code is not available
Additional Ubuntu Repository
- Updates - Bug fixes after the main release
- Backports - Features from later releases
- Security - Based on security fixes
Ubuntu Repository Organization
- Repositories for each release
- Hardy Heron includes its own main, restricted, Universe, multiverse, etc, repositories
- Configured per client in
- /etc/apt/sources.list

# Seeds and Architectures
- Automated Installations can help
- Large numbers of Ubuntu systems
- The UCP curriculum cites: preseed
- Other methods are available
- Answers file - for installation questions

- Example Preseed File
- Simple examples on Install CD/DVD
- preseed / subdirectory
- Text files
- Typically few lines
- Most input left to the administrator
- e.g. ls /media/cdrom/preseed/
cli.seed ltsp.seed ubuntu.seed ubuntu-server.seed

Detailed Preseed File
- example-preseed.txt.gz
- doc/install/manual/subdirectory
- Uncompress - or read with the less command
- Demonstrating preseed may be part of
- ubuntu certified Engineer exam
e.g. ls /media/cdrom/doc/install/manual/
en example-preseed.txt.gz
e.g. less /media/cdrom/doc/install/manual/example-preseed.txt.gz

- Ubuntu Linux Architectures
- 32 and 64-bit Intel compatible CPUs
- Ubuntu Server also was supported on
- Sun SPARC - through GUtsy Gibbson (7.10)
- Simplified development process
- Debian developed on more than 12 architectures
- Ports are Available
- Ubuntu developers are Debian developers
- Per Mark Shuttleworth
- Recompile for other architectures
- without official support
- Ports available for
- Power PC, HP RISC, Itanium IA-64, Sun SPARC

## The Launchpad Platform
- Framework for Open Source Projects
- Launchpad is not open source
- Lauchpad is a rival to Sourceforge
- Both are hosts to open source projects

- Lauchpad components
- Bazaar - version control system
- CVS ( Concurrent Version System )
- SVN ( Subversion )
- Version control is critical
- Provides project stauts, visible to all
- https://launchpad.net/launchpad-bazaar

- Launchpad and Bugs
- Codename: Bugsy Malone
- Bugs on projects - or Ubuntu Linux
- Bug report on Ubuntu Linux
- Release and Package name
- Bug summary
- Steps taken - expected result - actual result
- https://bugs.launchpad.net

- Launchpad BluePrints
- Specifications tracker
- New Software features
- https://blueprints.launchpad.net

- Lanuchpad Translations
- Code name: Rosetta
- Human language translations
- Requires work by native speakers
- https://translations.launchpad.net

## Ubuntu Community Support ###

- An open source Tradition
- Canonical organizes community support
- Mailing lists - http://lists.ubuntu.com
- Message boards - http://ubuntuforums.org
- IRC chat rooms-
- http://help.ubuntu.com/community/InternetRelayChat
- Ubuntu Wiki - http://wiki.ubuntu.com
- Ubuntu Answers - https://answers.launchpad.net

- Learn about ubuntu Community support
- sign up for a mailing list
- Review the Ubuntu message boards
- Observe interactions in chat
- Read some ubuntu wikis
- Find a local Ubuntu group
- Active in many of the United States
- Active in many contries worldwide

- Community Support
- Includes developers and experts
- And other Ubuntu gurus
- Present your problems
- Be clear, be polite, be Interesting
- Join an Ubuntu Team
- Be a part of the Community
- YMMV

## Bugs and Solutions ##
- Check with the ubuntu community
- Users can help with the "how to"
- Gurus can help describe capabilities
- Others may have seen the same problem
- Can help identify key problem files

- Search Existing Bug Reports
- Multiple Bugs on the same problem
- Annoy developers
- Get more attention
- Add to existing an bug report
- Search Bug reports at
- https://bugs.launchpad.net

- Reporting a Bug
- If it's a new problem
- You've checked with the community
- You've identified a key file
- use "dpkg -S /path/to/filename
- Identify the problem package

e.g. dpkg -S /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
cupsys: /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
Identifies the governing cupsys package

- Bug report options
- Requires a Launchpad account
- Report at https://bugs.launchpad.net
- Use bug report packages
- reportbug from the command line
- reportbug-ng from the GUI
- apport uses crash reports

# Review of Terms
New Ubuntu Terms
- minimal - the Minimal CD, < 20 MB
- For network installations
- boot - the boot: prompt
- From the installation CD/DVD
- Germinate - expands preseed ( F6 -- preseed file abolute path)
- For a full list of packages

### Installing Ubuntu Linux ###

- Prepare to Install
- Burn with Nautilus, K3b etc
- Use ISO file directly on a virtual machine

# The Text Installer
- Based on the Debian Installer
- From CD/DVD, select "Install in text mode"
- More options v. GUI installer
- Order of steps vary by release, etc.

# Text Installation Partitioning
- LVM - Logical Volume Management
- Basic to Linux
- Guided Partitioning
- Uses available free space
- Manual Partitioning
- Use available space of swap, other partitions

# additional Installation HighLights
More Installation Options
- Check other consoles
- Alt-F2, Alt-F3
- To access command line consoles
- Alt-F4
- Message log

# Server Installation Highlights
- Text Mode Installation
- Unique package groups
- DNS server: Berkeley Internet Name Domain
- LAMP Server:  Linux, Apache, MySql, PHP
- Mail Server: Postfix mail server
- OpenSSh server: Excellent for remote administration
- PostgreSQL database: Option for Mysql
- print server (CPUS) Common Unix Print System
- Sambe File Server: File/Print sharing with Linux/Unix/windows

### Hardware and Power Management ###

# Hardware Detection
Almost all detected
- Via Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
- 'lshal' and 'lshw' commands list detected devices
- GUI version - hal-device-manager (lshal)
- (In Hardy Heron - gnome-device-manager )
Primarily PCI, USB, PCMCIA
- Also require Kernel modules

- Manage Kernel Modules
- List modules with 'lsmod'
- Now a long list of modules
- Insert modules with 'insmod'
- Probe for and insert with 'modprobe'
- Remove modules with 'rmmod'
- Remove modules/dependencies with 'modprobe -r' ( As it also removes dependent modules) rmmod -r
/etc/modules

# SATA Disk Management
- Serial Advanced Technolgy Attachment
- Hard drives for Newer PCs
- Create partitions
- Monitor hard disks
- Modify hard disk ( and CD/DVD ) parameters

- Managed Disk partitions
- Two utilities - 'fdisk', 'parted'
- Focus on 'fdisk'
- SATA drives - up to 16 partitions
- Examine variety of partitions
- Don't forget to format
- Default Linux filesystem format - mkfs.ext3
- SATA Disk Management
- Serial Advanced Technology Attachments
- Hard drives for Newer PCs
- Create partitions
- Monitor hard disks
- Modify hard disk ( and CD/DVD ) parameters

- Hard Disk Monitoring
- Smart Monitoring, Analysis, Reporting Technology (SMART)
- The "smartctl" command
- "sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda | less "
- Information on the first SATA drive
- Hard Disk Parameters
- Review current settings
- sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda
- Review current performance
- sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
- Can change Direct Memory Access (DMA)
- sudo hdparm -d0 /dev/hda disables
- sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/hda enables

# USB & Other Devices

USB and other "hot" devices
- USB devices
- Connected devices listed 'w/lsusb'
- USB connections in several log files
- /var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages
- IEEE 1394 Devices
- Trade names: FireWire, iLink
- Also documented in log files

# Wireless Management
- wireless network / Bluetooth / Infrared
- 'iwconfig' for active wireless network card
- Network, ESSID
- Network mode, wireless frequency (channel)
- Access point hardware address
- Detect a wireless Network
- lspci should list detected device
- If detected, add driver module
- Possibly from manufacturer website
- Ndiswrapper adapts microsoft driver
- with .inf and .sys configuration files

- Bluetooth Devices
- short range wireless
- Configured in /etc/bluetooth directory
- Infrared Devices
- IrDA (Infrared Data Association )
- irda-utils package
- Configured in /etc/default/irda-utils
- service scripts - irda-setup, irda-utils
- In /etc/init.d directory

# Modern Power Management
- Advanced Power Management (APM)
- APM no longer the standard
- Requires specialized BIOS settings
- $apmd
- "No APM support in the kernel"
- Still part of the UCP curriculum
- APM Configuration Files
- /etc/apm directory - power events
- event.d/ - hard drives, laptop power, modern connections
- Other.d/ - other APM events
- resume.d/ - sound, hw clock during resume
- scripts.d/ - associated with suspend, resume
- suspend.d/ - sound, hw clock during suspend
- confirm APM status
- Older systems
- APM messages during boot
- Can be confirmed in /var/log/dmesg

# ACPI files in the procacpi Directory

- ACPI Files in the /proc/acpi Directory
- /proc/acpi/* and /sys/power/*
- Focus on /proc/acpi/*
- Developed for Kernel 2.4
- Still in common use
- /proc/acpi Files and Directories
- ac_adapter/ - ACAD/state 'on' or 'off'
- alarm - Date/time for system wake
- battery/ - Subdirectory by battery
- alarm, info, state
- button/ - lib/, power/, sleep/
- event - palceholder for ACPI events

- More /proc/acpi Files and Directories
- fan/ - FAN/state on or off
- info - version date
- power_resource/ - power status
- processor/ - info by CPU
- More /proc/acpit Files and Directories
- sleep - sleep states (S0, S1, etc)
- thermal_zone/ - temperature status
- video/ - video card info files
- wakeup = hardware wake times

#More on ACPI Configuration
- More on ACPI Configuration
- Standard files in /sys
- Introduced for kernel 2.6
- /sys/power/* files
- /sys/power/* Files
- disk - Supported power modes
- images_size - Hibernate memory
- pm_trace - Power management event
- resume - Swap partition location
- state - Systems with power sleep states

- Can Disable ACPI
- Boot Process
- GRUB menu
- Add noacpi(or acpi=off ) // or noacpi
- to kernel command line

# Udev & Driver Manager
Udev and the Driver Manager
- Udev for dynamic device files (/dev)
- /dev files created on hardware detection
- Device files for partitions etc
- udev configured in /etc/udev directory
- udev.conf specifies logging
- rules.d/ subdirectory with configuration files
- udev commands
- udevadm info --query=all --name=/dev/cdrom
- Info on device file, environment
- Udevmonitor
- udevmonitor = udevadm monitor
- Also shown in /var/log/messages

- The Driver Manager
- Manage Proprietary drivers
- Restricted repository
- Rarely required today
- Few comonents with propritary drivers
- sudo jockey-gtk
- Activate and deactivate restricted drivers


## Package and Repository Management ##

## The Repository Configuration File
- Ubuntu has a home repository
- http://us.archive.ubuntu.com
- In the United Kingdom
- Many official mirrors
- https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+archivemirrors
- May use 'software-properties-gtk'
- Doesn't work well - human judgement better

traceroute us.archieve.ubuntu.com

- Repository Configuartion File
- /etc/apt/sources.list
- CD (or DVD ) as a repository
- deb for binary packages (reads binary packages )
- deb-src for source code packages (reads source-code packages )
- Directive include URL, release

More on /etc/apt/sources.list
- main, restricted repositories
- hardy-updates for updates packages
- universe, multiverse repositories
- May activate hardy-backports
- partner repository
- hardy-security for security updates

- More on /etc/apt/sources.list
- change on preferred repository
- Via text editor - or sed command

# Use the pkgs & alien Commands
- The dpkg and alien commands
- dpkg functionally similar to rpm
- apt, aptitude more frequently used
- dpkg -r pkgname removes package
- dpkg -P pkgname also purges config files
- dpkg -i pkgname installs package
- More on the dpkg command
- dpkg -l lists all installed packages
- dpkg -l pkgname confirms status
- dpkg -L pkgname lists package files
- dpkg -S /path/to/file identifies packages
- The alien Command
- Converts between package types
- alien --to-rpm pkgname converts to RPM
- alien --to-deb pkgname converts to Debian package
e.g. alien --to-rpm test.deb --- gives back test.rpm


## Understand the apt - Commands
Understand the apt-* commands
- Can help satisfy dependencies
- Could install multiple packages with dpkg
- apt-get install pkgname more efficient
- Related to apt-cache, apt-file, apt-cdrom
- But make sure the database is up to date
- apt-get update
More on the apt-get Command
- If no dependencies - auto install
- If dependencies - prompt to confirm
- Can be many dependencies

Uninstall a package
- apt-get remove pkgname
- Leaves configuration files in place
- apt-get purge pkgname
- Removes Configuration files too

## More on the apt - Commands

More on the apt-* Commands
- apt-cache, apt-file, apt-cdrom (apt-cache search, apt-cache show)
- apt-cache reviews repositories
- Lists package information

More on the apt-cache Commands
- Search available packages
- apt-cache show pkgname
- Find forward / reverse dependencies
- apt-cache depends pkgname
- apt-cache rdepends pkgname

- Use the apt-cdrom Command
- Add a CD/DVD to the repository list
- apt-cdrom -d /media/cdrom add ( It will add to the sources.list file )

Use the apt-file Command
- Search for files in Uninstalled packages
- Based on database
- apt-file update
- apt-file search /path/to/filename

Use the apt-ftparchive Command
- Create repository database
- Database available in
- /var/cache/apt/archives
- Run as root User
- apt-ftparchive packages . | gzip -9c > Packages.gz ( Package Database )


## When to Use Security Updates
- Ubuntu Security Notices (USN)
- www.ubuntu.com/usn
- RSS feed available
- When to not install security updates
- When a package is not installed

When to avoid security updates
- New Kernels
- many kernel updates are security-related
- when applications are tied to a kernel
- A new kernel Version may void a support contract
- When Drivers are tied to a kernel
- New Source code may not be available


# Update with Graphical Tools
- Update Manager
- update-manager
- Synaptic Package Manager
- sudo synaptic

# Manage with Synaptic and More

- Hihlight a package for more info
- Similar to apt-cache show pkgname
- Package properties
- Review dependencies, files
- Review package descriptions, more

## The GNOME Application Manager
- gnome-app-install
- Add/Remove Applications
- Application Categories
- GNOME Applications menu
- Search text box

## Create A Local Repository Mirror
Create a Local Repository Mirror
- Suitable for networks with many systems
- Minimize overloaded enterprise connections
- Avoid repetitive downloads
- Create the mirror, point clients to it
- Can use rsync, apt-mirror

Create a Mirror with apt-mirror
- Can mirror everything
- Be prepared for a large download
- Or cutomize the mirror
- /etc/apt/mirror.list
- Consider changing repositories
- Consider avoiding mirroring security updates
- Change base_path in /usr/bin/apt-mirror

#### Localization and User Privileges ####

# Set Up a Locale
Current Language
less /etc/default/locale

# Add Language Packs
- Packages associated with a language
- Zulu: apt-cache search zulu
- Not always precise
- why install KDE language packs ?
- GUI more efficient ( rare case )
- GNOME Language Support tool in UcP curriculum

The GNOME Language Support Tool
- gnome-language-selector
- Scroll through available languages
- Downloads / installs needed packages
- Select Default language
- Many languages include choice of dialects
- Requires reboot

## The Administrative Sudo
- Administrative root account disabled
- Can still access via Sudo su
- Can create root password, but don't
- Sudo allows administrative access
- Members of admin group, in /etc/group

Examples of Administrative Commands
- fdisk -l
- sudo fdisk -l
- sudo password lasts for 15 minutes
- More administrators in admin group
- Add in /etc/group , /etc/gshadow

The sudoedit Command
- sudoedit file = sudo -e file
- Try with a root only file:
- sudoedit /etc/gshadow


## Custom etcsudoers
- Permissions for the sudo command
- Can be opened with Visudo
- Try sudo vi /etc/sudo
- Read only access
- Try sudo visudo
- Read/Write access

The /etc/sudoers File
- Defaults env_reset
- Minimizes environment variables
- # %sudo ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL
- Password-free access to sudo group
- In /etc/group, /etc/gshadow

More on /etc/sudoers
- root ALL = (ALL) ALL
- User, System, Other User, Command
- %admin ALL=(ALL)ALL
- %admin = admin group in /etc/group

Limited Permissions in /etc/sudoers
- Example
- %lpadmin ALL=NOPASSWD: /sbin/fdisk
- Access to fdisk, no password required

# Add More Users from the Command Line
- Traditional commands
- Useradd, groupadd, etc
- Automated with adduser command
- script which prompts for information

The sudo adduser username Command
- Add the specified user, matching group
- Files of Shadow password suite
- Home directory with files from /etc/skell/
- Review files with ls -ls /etc/skel
Results of adduser Command
- ls -la /home/newuser
- review /etc/passwd
- Includes personal Information

# Add More Users with Users-admin
- Users Settings tool
- Authenticate with admin group user/password
- New User Account window
- Enter username,password, more if desired

User privileges - Group Memebership
- Groups specified in UCP curriculum
- Groups in /etc/group, /etc/gshadow
- Access External Storage Devices
- plugdev group - removable storage
- administer the system
- admin group - sudo access

## Upstart and LandScape Management ##

## The Upstart Configuration Files

- /etc/inittab No Longer Used
- Replaced by Upstart
- New configuration files in /etc/event.d/
- Correspond to /etc/inittab directives
- From the Dapper Drake ( 6.06 ) release

How Upstart Replaces /etc/inittab
- files in /etc/event.d/ directory
- Default runlevel - rc-default
- Looks for single user mode
- If /etc/inittab does not exist
- Configured to start runlevel 2
- Red Hat-based distros use different runlevels

More on Upstart and /etc/inittab
- rcS directive - scripts in /etc/rcS.d/
- Started in all runlevels
- rcS-sulogin script
- Starts the recovery menu
- More in another video

# The Upstart Configuration Files
The Upstart Configuration Files, Part II
- New Configuration files in /etc/event.d/
- correspond to /etc/inittab directives
- Based on the Dapper Drake Release
- Standard Runlevels
- 0 = halt, 6 = reboot, 2 = default
More files in the /etc/event.d/ directory
- runlevel 0 - execute /etc/event.d/rc0
- Executes scripts in /etc/rcx.d/ directory
- For default runlevel, run /etc/rc2.d/ scripts
- Problems default to /etc/event.d/sulogin
- Reboot w/ /etc/event.d/control-alt-delete

More on Upstart and /etc/inittab
- Upstart does not include UPS
- Uninterruptable Power supplies
- pf, pn, po signals
- Now covered by the powstatd package

Gettyies _ Are essentially Command line Terminals

Upstart and Command Line Gettys
- tty1 - starts in runlevels 2,3,4,5
- Six gettys listed by default
- Can access with Alt-Fx Key Combo
- Alt-f2 accesses second command line getty

- Gettys respawned( Re-initiated )
- On logoff - or when process in killed

## Upstart Control with initctl
Upstart Control with initctl
- Jobs in /etc/event.d/ directory
- initctl, start, stop, status
- List current jobs: sudo initctl list
- Compare with files in /etc/event.d/
- Waiting or running

More Upstart Job Control
- sudo status jobname
- jobname = file in /etc/event.d/
- Sudo stop jobname
- confirm with sudo status jobname
sudo start jobname
- review message

More Upstart Control with initctl
- sudo intictl help
- Try one more help
- sudo initctl start control-alt-delete
- system Reboot


##### Network Interfaces ######

# Current Network Interfaces Config
Network Interface Commands
- ifconfig, iwconfig, iwlist, route
- ifconfig displays IPv4, IPv6 addresses
- iwconfig detects wireless cards
- Network type ESSID, HW address, speed, etc
- iwlist finds access points
- route -n displays routing table

# Current Network Interfaces Config
Network Settings Tool
- network-admin command
- Network card properties (static or DHCP)
- General network properties
- Hostname, Domain name
- DNS - IP address of DNS servers
- Hosts - graphical view of /etc/hosts

Configure a Telephone Modem
- With Network Settings Tool
- Point to Point Connection properties
- Enable connection, select modem
- Phone number, prefix

GUI Modem Configuration, Continued
- Modem Tab
- Modem port - /dev/modem preferred
- Touch tone or pulse dialing, Modem volume
Options Tab
- Default route
- DNS servers from ISP
- Retry (redial ) connection when lost

# Configure a DHCP client
Configure a DHCP client
- /etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf
- /etc/dhclient.conf in UCP curriculum
- Requires DHCP configuration
- /etc/network/interfaces, dhclient
- or network-admin - Network Settings Tool

/etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf
- Directives in default version
- request - Request info from DHCP server
- subnet-mask - Network mask
- broadcast-address - IP address for broadcast
- time-offset - Relative to UTC
- Greenwich Mean Time, Military Zulu Time

More /etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf Directive
- routers - IP address of Gateways
- domain-name - LAN Domain name
- domain-name-servers - DNS IP address
- host-name - Hostname from DHCP server
- May prefer to delete from file
- ntp-servers - NTP server IP address


# Network Configuratin Files
- /etc/hosts - hostname/IP address database
- /etc/resolv.conf - DNS server IP address
- nameserver 192.168.0.1
- search order -
- /etc/host.conf : order hosts, bind
- /etc/nsswitch.conf : hosts: file dns

/etc/network configuration Files
- Most stop and start network services
- Key = /etc/network/interfaces
- Loopback interface - automatically started
- auto lo
- iface lo inet loopback
- starts the loopback interface on 127.0.0.1

More /etc/network/interfaces Directives
- DHCP configured card example
- auto eth0
- iface eth0 inet dhcp
- Starts eth0 automatically
- Configures eth0 from a DHCP server

More /etc/network/interfaces Directives
- Static configured wireless card examples
- auto eth0
- iface eth0 inet static
- Configures wireless mode, address, network mask, gateway, ESSID
- Starts eth0 automatically, IP address access point (ESSID)


# Network Management from the command Line

Command LIne Network Management
- ifconfig, iwconfig, iwlist, route, ifup, ifdown, nm-tool
- set an IP address with ifconfig
sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.11
sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.11 netmask 255.0.0.0

Wireless Network Command Management
- iwconfig, iwlist
- Point to a wireless network ESSID
- sudo iwconfig eth0 essid nancyrandy
- point to a wireless Network hardware Address
- sudo iwconfig eth0 ap 01:43:43:23:ef
- Find Wireless Access point ESSID, HW Addresses
- sudo iwlist eth0 scan

Routing Commands
- route show default routes
- route -n preferred, with IP addresses
- Delete default route
- sudo route del default
- Add default route - via a gateway
- sudo route add default gw 192.169.0.1

The Network Manager
- Automatic network searches / connections
- GUI Network Manger trivial
- sudo nm-tool
- status of local network devices
- Driver, hardware address, wireless capabilities


###  Network Shares and File Systems ###

# The NFS Kernel Server
- Network File System
- Sharing directories - Linux/Unix systems
- Shared NFS Directories
- configured in /etc/exports
- NFS Kernel Server Packages
- Portmap, nfs-common, nfs-kernel-server

Shared Directories in /etc/exports
- /home 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(rw,sync)
- read-write mode, reads and writes synchroniously
- 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0(ro,sync)
- Read-only mode , on same command line
- no_root_squash = allows root level access

More on NFS Shared Directories
- Shares must be exported
- exportfs -a
- Shares exported when NFS server restarts
- exportfs -r
- confirm directories are shared
- showmount -e localhost

## Make Sure the NFS Server works
- The portmap package is key
- Required on the server and client
- Try sudo /etc/init.d/portmap restart
- Review portmap related services
- rpcinfo -p

Potential NFS Server Problems
- /etc/exports - extra spaces lead to errors
- (rw, sync ) would not work
- check from remote clients
- showmount -e NFSserver
- Remote client problems
- check network connections, portmap
- check firewalls (sudo iptables -L )

# Mount an NFS Share
Review available NFS shares
- showmount -e NFSserver
- Requires an empty  local directory
- User created directory

Mounting an NFS Share
- sudo mount -t nfs remote_local
- remote = IP address/name:share_directory
- Permissions depend on
- share permissions from  NFS server
- Permissions on the local directory

# Basic Samba Shares
- Samba = Linux's Microsoft Network
- SMB = Server Message Block
- CIFS = Common Internet File System
- samba, samba-common, smbfs packages
- samba server configured in
- /etc/samba/smb.conf

# Basic Samba Shares

MOunting a Samba Directory
- Use mount.cifs
- SUID root permissions, part of smbfs package
- Create a mount point directory
- permissions for target user
- mount.cifs //sambasvr/share /path/to/localdir

mount.cifs //192.168.0.90/gyani /home/gyani/gyani12/ -o username=gyani

NFS and the shares-admin Tool
- shared Folders GUI tool
- Create Shared NFS Directory
- Specific directory
- specify allowed systems
- Allowed hosts
- Specify Hostname - or domain name w/wildcards
- Network addres / network mask